## Company Profile PROTOSTAR GLOBAL LOGISTICS L.L.C — UAE freight forwarder (website: https://www.protostargloballogisticsllc.com). Listed contact email ceo@protostargloballogisticsllc.com. Public profile is limited; company appears to operate as a general freight forwarder in the UAE offering international sea/air/land forwarding, customs clearance and cargo consolidation/warehousing services typical of regional forwarders. Scale and vertical specializations are not listed on the website, so treat them as a small-to-medium UAE-based forwarder working through major UAE hubs (Jebel Ali, Dubai ports, Khor Fakkan) and servicing GCC importers/exporters. ## Pain Points 1) Rapid re‑routing and multi‑leg coordination: 2026 route bifurcation (Suez vs Cape vs alternative Gulf ports) forces frequent re‑nomination, feeder/truck on‑carriage and last‑mile coordination — increasing operational complexity and working capital exposure for forwarders who must organise interim storage and inland transport. 2) Capacity shortages and volatile rates: Acute air‑lift reductions and ocean surcharges/war‑risk premiums have created tight capacity and unpredictable rate spikes on key Asia–GCC–Europe corridors, squeezing margins on low‑value agri/food cargo and forcing the need for multimodal alternatives. 3) Increasing customs & fiscal data requirements: UAE e‑invoicing and accelerated customs digitalization mean forwarders must manage more pre‑arrival data, standardized declarations and electronic invoice validation — a systems and data‑integration burden for smaller forwarders and their exporter/importer clients. ## Intel Summary === MULTI-DIMENSION RESEARCH === === 1. [MARKET EVENTS] – UAE RE‑EXPORT FLOWS & RED SEA / SUEZ ROUTE DISRUPTIONS (2026) === **Status of sea corridors and UAE’s role** - Since late February–early March 2026, military escalation has effectively **blocked the Strait of Hormuz and frozen container traffic into the Persian Gulf**, with “most major shipping lines, including MSC and CMA CGM,” suspending bookings to UAE, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and Kuwait.(https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai) - Estimates suggest **up to ~0.6% of global container ship capacity (≈100 ships)** is directly affected by the Hormuz closure—small in global percentage terms but highly concentrated for Gulf trade.(https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai) - Red Sea / Suez traffic has partially recovered, but as of early 2026, **east‑to‑west container transits via Suez were still ~18.7% of flows vs c. 80% pre‑Houthi crisis**, reflecting a “gradual” and incomplete return.(https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/02/red-sea-shipping-reopens?utm_source=openai) **UAE re‑export & transshipment pattern shifts** - With Gulf gateways constrained, carriers are increasingly using **ports “at the mouth of the Strait” such as Khor Fakkan (UAE) and Salalah (Oman)** for discharge, followed by **trucking into Gulf markets**.(https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai) - Journal of Commerce/S&P Global report **CMA CGM has suspended direct Gulf bookings but reopened for “alternative ports such as the UAE’s Khor Fakkan or Oman’s Sohar,” plus Saudi Red Sea port Jeddah with onward trucking**, effectively turning these hubs into **substitute re‑export platforms** for Gulf-bound cargo.(https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/us-exports-to-middle-east-in-limbo-amid-war-zone-service-disruptions?utm_source=openai) - UAE trade/ports coverage highlights that **Jebel Ali and other UAE hubs have remained technically operational** and are positioned as **regional stabilizers for non‑oil trade and re‑export flows**, even as Hormuz blockage constrains full utilization. The UAE is leveraging **secondary ports (e.g., Khor Fakkan, Fujairah) and overland corridors** to partially sustain re‑exports to Saudi Arabia and the wider GCC.(https://reactmediauae.com/2026/02/03/uae-logistics-ports-red-sea-risks-2026/?utm_source=openai) **Impact of Red Sea / route bifurcation on re‑export flows** - The Red Sea crisis since late 2023 has created a **bifurcated network**: - Some carriers continue to avoid the Red Sea and **divert via Cape of Good Hope**, prolonging transit times and increasing costs.(https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/middle-east-war-impacts-container-shipping?utm_source=openai) - Others cautiously return to Suez, but early‑2026 **transits remain ~60% below pre‑crisis** levels, limiting the full restoration of traditional Asia–UAE–Europe routings that underpin UAE re‑exports to MENA, East Africa and Europe.(https://reactmediauae.com/2026/02/03/uae-logistics-ports-red-sea-risks-2026/?utm_source=openai) - This has **concentrated flows on alternative “bypass hubs” in the Gulf and western Indian Ocean** (UAE, Oman, Red Sea terminals). S&P Global notes **“immense pressure to absorb displaced volume” and congestion risks at Gulf‑adjacent hubs**, which capture diverted Asia–Europe and Asia–EAF traffic.(https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/the-gulf-puzzle-strategic-implications-for-global-shipping-networks?utm_source=openai) **Operational impact on freight forwarders in/through UAE** - Forwarders report **“end‑of‑voyage” clauses** being invoked on US‑to‑Jebel Ali services (e.g., MSC), allowing discharge at intermediate ports. This forces freight forwarders to: - Re‑nominate final ports, - Arrange **on‑carriage (feeder or truck) to original Gulf destinations**, - Absorb or pass on **additional handling, storage and inland transport costs**.(https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/us-exports-to-middle-east-in-limbo-amid-war-zone-service-disruptions?utm_source=openai) - Metro Global’s operations update notes that **container and Ro‑Ro flows are fragmented**, with more **multi‑leg routings via Oman and UAE** and **acute congestion/operational bottlenecks at “bypass” hubs**. This raises working capital and lead‑time risk for forwarders using UAE as a consolidation/re‑export base.(https://www.metro.global/2026/03/31/container-and-roro-flows-disrupted-as-gulf-remains-closed/?utm_source=openai) - Strategic assessments emphasize the UAE’s **importance as a resilient non‑oil trade and re‑export hub**, but stress the **need for more contingency planning, real‑time visibility and dynamic routing tools** for forwarders to manage cascading disruptions across ocean, air and land legs.(https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/the-gulf-puzzle-strategic-implications-for-global-shipping-networks?utm_source=openai) **Implications for UAE‑centric trade & agri/food flows** - For bulk and fertilizer commodities (ammonia, phosphates, sulfur) and foodstuffs, **27% of global ammonia exports, 22% of phosphates and 45% of sulfur normally move out of the wider Gulf**; current blockages heighten supply and price risk for downstream fertilizer and agri‑value chains served via UAE re‑export platforms.(https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai) - Re‑exporters and NVOCCs in UAE are increasingly: - Splitting routings (e.g., **Asia → Red Sea → truck to Gulf** vs **Asia → UAE/Oman → truck to GCC**), - Negotiating **war‑risk surcharges and insurance** that can add **100–250% on top of base container freight** depending on route, pushing many shippers to reconsider UAE‑centric routings for lower‑margin commodities.(https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai) **Sources (Market Events)**: (https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai) === 2. [DEMAND SIGNALS] – FREIGHT RATES & AIR CARGO DEMAND (MIDDLE EAST–EUROPE / GCC, 2026) === **Container freight rates – Middle East / Gulf to Europe** - Analysts note that as more vessels cautiously return to the Suez route, there is **potential for 20–25% reduction in ocean freight rates** compared with peak diversion levels, assuming a sustained normalization of Red Sea risk. DP World leadership has been cited arguing that calming Red Sea risks would **trim rates by about 20–25% within months** as capacity is released from the Cape route.(https://reactmediauae.com/2026/02/03/uae-logistics-ports-red-sea-risks-2026/?utm_source=openai) - However, current 2026 commentary stresses that **Middle East routes remain structurally disrupted**, with: - Ongoing **war‑risk premiums**, - Elevated bunker costs on any continuing diversions, - And **port / hub congestion surcharges** at UAE/Oman/Red Sea alternatives, which limit how far rates can fall.(https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/the-gulf-puzzle-strategic-implications-for-global-shipping-networks?utm_source=openai) - Industry snapshots point to **“surcharges of several thousand dollars per container,” sometimes equivalent to 100–250% of pre‑crisis prices**, particularly on routes deemed higher risk (e.g., through or close to Red Sea/Hormuz).(https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai) - As of Q1–Q2 2026, S&P Global/JOC describe the situation as **“a problem but not pandemic‑scale”** for container shipping globally; east–west spot rates have cooled compared to 2024 spikes, but **ME–Europe and ME–Asia lanes remain elevated vs pre‑2023 baselines** due to persistent security and capacity constraints.(https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/middle-east-war-impacts-container-shipping?utm_source=openai) **Modal shifts and air cargo demand from GCC** - Metro Global reports that **Middle East carriers have cut capacity sharply**, with **“capacity declines of up to 49% week‑on‑week”** during some periods in early 2026 as airlines adjust networks around conflict zones.(https://www.metro.global/2026/03/31/middle-east-disruption-reshapes-air-freight-market-as-capacity-tightens-and-rates-surge/?utm_source=openai) - India–Middle East–Europe corridors are particularly stressed: **capacity reductions of up to 70% at major Indian gateways** due to diversion and overflight restrictions are creating **acute shortages of lift and backlogs** on GCC‑linked flows.(https://www.metro.global/2026/03/31/middle.global/2026/03/31/middle-east-disruption-reshapes-air-freight-market-as-capacity-tightens-and-rates-surge/?utm_source=openai) - Against that constrained capacity, **global air cargo demand was already growing at about 6–8% year‑on‑year in the early months of 2026**, according to the same analysis, contributing to upward rate pressure on Asia–Middle East–Europe lanes that often stage over Gulf hubs.(https://www.metro.global/2026/03/31/middle-east-disruption-reshapes-air-freight-market-as-capacity-tightens-and-rates-surge/?utm_source=openai) - Additional Metro and JOC coverage highlights that: - A **“large share” of Asia–Europe air cargo normally routings through Middle East hubs**; reduced Gulf operations now force rerouting via secondary hubs or non‑Middle East gateways, - This adds **distance, block hours and complexity**, pushing airlines to **prioritize higher‑yield cargo** and squeezing space for lower‑value commodities.(https://metro.global/2026/03/18/air-freight-faces-tighter-capacity-higher-costs-and-more-complex-routing-decisions/?utm_source=openai) **Rate and capacity signals from air freight** - With capacity contracting and demand rising, Middle East–related air lanes are seeing: - **Rate surges and volatility**; anecdotal reports describe **“tightening capacity and rising costs”** with rate premiums for uplift via safer corridors vs direct Gulf routings.(https://www.metro.global/2026/03/31/middle-east-disruption-reshapes-air-freight-market-as-capacity-tightens-and-rates-surge/?utm_source=openai) - **Backlogs at origin, transit and destination**, especially for shipments requiring Middle East connections; forwarders are reporting **multi‑day to multi‑week delays** to secure space.(https://www.metro.global/2026/03/31/middle-east-disruption-reshapes-air-freight-market-as-capacity-tightens-and-rates-surge/?utm_source=openai) - Demand for **multimodal (sea‑air, air‑sea) options** is increasing as shippers try to trade off reliability vs cost—e.g., using sea to UAE/Oman, then air to Europe/Africa, or vice versa. This is particularly relevant for temperature‑sensitive or high‑value agri‑food commodities where full ocean routings via Cape are too long.(https://metro.global/2026/03/31/middle-east-disruption-reshapes-air-freight-market-as-capacity-tightens-and-rates-surge/?utm_source=openai) **Forward‑looking signals** - Analysts expect **continued tightness in air capacity touching GCC, at least through 2026**, unless: - overflight and security conditions improve materially, and - carriers redeploy wide‑body capacity back to traditional Gulf hubs.(https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/middle-east-war-impacts-container-shipping?utm_source=openai) - For container trade, the return of capacity to Suez and any easing of war‑risk perceptions could gradually normalize **ME–Europe spot rates**, but **structural risk premia** on routes near conflict zones and **ongoing congestion risk at UAE/Oman/Red Sea hubs** are likely to keep rates **meaningfully above pre‑2023 levels** into the medium term.(https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/the-gulf-puzzle-strategic-implications-for-global-shipping-networks?utm_source=openai) **Sources (Demand Signals)**: (https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/02/red-sea-shipping-reopens?utm_source=openai) === 3. [PROBLEM FRAMING] – UAE CUSTOMS DIGITALIZATION & TRADE FACILITATION (2025–2026) === **National‑level customs & digitalization agenda** - The UAE’s **Federal Authority for Identity, Citizenship, Customs & Port Security (ICP)** and local customs departments (e.g., Abu Dhabi, Dubai) are actively positioning customs digitalization as central to trade facilitation and resilience: - In January 2026 the UAE hosted the **World Customs Organization (WCO) Technology Conference & Exhibition 2026** in Abu Dhabi, with a strong focus on **“border facilitation and digital solutions for seamless trade”** and “a new generation of digital tools and platforms” to simplify procedures and enhance compliance.(https://icp.gov.ae/en/media-center/conclusion-of-the-world-customs-organization-technology-conference-and-exhibition-2026/?utm_source=openai) - Breakout tracks focused on **frictionless customs data, interoperability via the WCO Data Model, non‑intrusive inspection (UFF 3.0), IoT/smart seals, cyber‑secure trade corridors**, and self‑service digital customs applications—indicating the UAE’s direction towards **end‑to‑end digitized, data‑driven border processes**.(https://icp.gov.ae/en/media-center/conclusion-of-the-world-customs-organization-technology-conference-and-exhibition-2026/?utm_source=openai) **Emirate‑level implementation – Abu Dhabi Customs example** - Abu Dhabi Customs reported for 2025: - A **9.4% increase in customs transactions conducted via digital platforms vs 2024**, - Customs clearance transactions made up **30.6% of total customs transactions**, a **6.6‑percentage‑point rise**, signalling more end‑to‑end processes being handled electronically.(https://www.adcustoms.gov.ae/Media-Centre/News/Abu-Dhabi-Customs-achieves-significant-growth-in-digital-customs-transactions-in-2025?utm_source=openai) - The strategy is explicitly framed as: - Putting **“customers and the business sector at the heart of the customs process,”** - Supporting **trade movement and supply chains in line with global best practices**, - Reinforcing Abu Dhabi’s (and by extension UAE’s) position as a **global trade and logistics hub**.(https://www.adcustoms.gov.ae/Media-Centre/News/Abu-Dhabi-Customs-achieves-significant-growth-in-digital-customs-transactions-in-2025?utm_source=openai) **E‑invoicing and data integration – implications for customs** - At federal level, the UAE Ministry of Finance has adopted a **phased e‑invoicing mandate** with broad scope: - Two Ministerial Decisions (243 and 244 of 2025) set the **framework and implementation of an electronic invoicing system**, with **pilot launch from July 2026** and phased roll‑out thereafter.(https://kpmg.com/us/en/taxnewsflash/news/2025/10/uae-framework-scope-implementation-e-invoicing-system.html?utm_source=openai) - The mandate applies to **“all business transactions conducted in the UAE”**, with limited exemptions (sovereign government transactions, some airline services, exempt financial services).(https://kpmg.com/us/en/taxnewsflash/news/2025/10/uae-framework-scope-implementation-e-invoicing-system.html?utm_source=openai) - Validation and reporting of e‑invoices to the **Ministry of Finance and Federal Tax Authority** will be performed by e‑invoicing solution providers.(https://kpmg.com/us/en/taxnewsflash/news/2025/10/uae-framework-scope-implementation-e-invoicing-system.html?utm_source=openai) - For customs and trade facilitation, this points toward: - **Richer, real‑time fiscal and trade data** that customs can potentially integrate with declaration systems, - Improved **risk profiling and post‑clearance audit** through cross‑matching invoices, customs declarations and tax data, - A medium‑term shift toward **pre‑arrival and pre‑clearance processing** where invoice/transaction data is shared ahead of cargo arrival. **Regulatory/trade facilitation framing for 2026** - Combining ICP and local customs initiatives, current UAE framing emphasizes: - **Digital “single‑window‑like” experiences**, where traders access customs services and approvals via integrated portals; - **Standardized data models** (WCO Data Model) to reduce re‑keying and enable **system‑to‑system connectivity** with logistics operators, FTZs, and other government agencies; - **Automation and non‑intrusive inspection** to lower inspection times and maintain high security (important given heightened regional security risks), supported by UFF 3.0 and IoT devices such as smart seals.(https://icp.gov.ae/en/media-center/conclusion-of-the-world-customs-organization-technology-conference-and-exhibition-2026/?utm_source=openai) **Problem framing for freight forwarders & shippers using UAE** - The 2026 disruption context (Red Sea, Hormuz, war‑zone risks) amplifies the **value of digital customs and trade facilitation** but also exposes gaps: - Freight forwarders need **rapid re‑routing, re‑manifesting, and re‑declaration** capabilities as cargo is diverted to alternative UAE/Oman ports, then trucked or feeder‑shipped onward. Current systems are moving toward this but are **not yet fully real‑time or harmonized across all GCC borders**.(https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/us-exports-to-middle-east-in-limbo-amid-war-zone-service-disruptions?utm_source=openai) - The **upcoming e‑invoicing regime (pilot from July 2026)** will require UAE‑based traders and logistics providers to adapt back‑office systems; those who integrate customs, tax and logistics data streams will likely **benefit from faster clearances and better compliance scoring**, while laggards may face friction.(https://kpmg.com/us/en/taxnewsflash/news/2025/10/uae-framework-scope-implementation-e-invoicing-system.html?utm_source=openai) - There is a **policy tension** between heightened security (due to regional conflict) and trade facilitation: the WCO conference outcomes show UAE is trying to resolve this via **technology‑enabled risk management rather than blunt controls**, but implementation is uneven across borders and modes.(https://icp.gov.ae/en/media-center/conclusion-of-the-world-customs-organization-technology-conference-and-exhibition-2026/?utm_source=openai) **Key regulatory / operational takeaways for 2026–2027** - **Concrete regulatory milestones** relevant to traders using UAE as a hub: - July 2026: **Pilot e‑invoicing** phase begins; subsequent phases to expand scope and obligations (exact phase dates still to be specified, but mandate is clear).(https://kpmg.com/us/en/taxnewsflash/news/2025/10/uae-framework-scope-implementation-e-invoicing-system.html?utm_source=openai) - Ongoing (2025–2026): Scaling of **digital customs platforms in Abu Dhabi and other emirates**, with measurable adoption (e.g., +9.4% digital customs transactions, 30.6% share of transactions via digital channels).(https://www.adcustoms.gov.ae/Media-Centre/News/Abu-Dhabi-Customs-achieves-significant-growth-in-digital-customs-transactions-in-2025?utm_source=openai) - Continuous: UAE participation and leadership in **WCO technology and data model standardization**, shaping how **future customs–business data exchange** will look in the region.(https://icp.gov.ae/en/media-center/conclusion-of-the-world-customs-organization-technology-conference-and-exhibition-2026/?utm_source=openai) **Sources (Problem Framing)**: (https://kpmg.com/us/en/taxnewsflash/news/2025/10/uae-framework-scope-implementation-e-invoicing-system.html?utm_source=openai) Sources: • With the Strait of Hormuz blocked, regional trade disruptions could ripple across the globe https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai • With the Strait of Hormuz blocked, regional trade disruptions could ripple across the globe https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai • Red Sea shipping reopens, but renewed Houthi threats keep route uncertainty high | S&P Global https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/02/red-sea-shipping-reopens?utm_source=openai • With the Strait of Hormuz blocked, regional trade disruptions could ripple across the globe https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai • Red Sea shipping reopens, but renewed Houthi threats keep route uncertainty high | S&P Global https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/02/red-sea-shipping-reopens?utm_source=openai • With the Strait of Hormuz blocked, regional trade disruptions could ripple across the globe https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai • US exports to Middle East in limbo amid war zone service disruptions | S&P Global https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/us-exports-to-middle-east-in-limbo-amid-war-zone-service-disruptions?utm_source=openai • UAE logistics and ports in focus as Red Sea risks disrupt trade - ReactMediaUAE https://reactmediauae.com/2026/02/03/uae-logistics-ports-red-sea-risks-2026/?utm_source=openai • TPM26: War a problem for container shipping, but not ‘pandemic-scale’: analyst | S&P Global https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/middle-east-war-impacts-container-shipping?utm_source=openai • UAE logistics and ports in focus as Red Sea risks disrupt trade - ReactMediaUAE https://reactmediauae.com/2026/02/03/uae-logistics-ports-red-sea-risks-2026/?utm_source=openai • The Gulf Puzzle: Strategic Implications for Global Shipping Networks | S&P Global https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/the-gulf-puzzle-strategic-implications-for-global-shipping-networks?utm_source=openai • US exports to Middle East in limbo amid war zone service disruptions | S&P Global https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/us-exports-to-middle-east-in-limbo-amid-war-zone-service-disruptions?utm_source=openai • Container and RoRo flows disrupted as Gulf remains closed | Metro Global https://www.metro.global/2026/03/31/container-and-roro-flows-disrupted-as-gulf-remains-closed/?utm_source=openai • The Gulf Puzzle: Strategic Implications for Global Shipping Networks | S&P Global https://www.spglobal.com/market-intelligence/en/news-insights/research/2026/03/the-gulf-puzzle-strategic-implications-for-global-shipping-networks?utm_source=openai • With the Strait of Hormuz blocked, regional trade disruptions could ripple across the globe https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai • With the Strait of Hormuz blocked, regional trade disruptions could ripple across the globe https://www.lemonde.fr/en/economy/article/2026/03/05/with-the-strait-of-hormuz-blocked-regional-trade-disruptions-could-ripple-across-the-globe_6751117_19.html?utm_source=openai